QUESTION 1: According to the text, what does the doctrine of expectation postulate?

Motivation depends solely on internal shortcomings
The professional's energy is proportional to his or her confidence in the feasibility of the task
Valence is the only relevant factor for motivation
Performance is not related to effort expended

2nd QUESTION: What does the first cognitive pillar mentioned in the text assess?

Instrumentality between performance and reward
Certainty that sustained effort will generate the performance demanded by managers
The subjective value of the final incentive
Absence of resources does not affect discipline

Motivation collapses from the base generating cynicism and operational paralysis
Leadership automatically improves
Instrumentality is strengthened
Valence replaces the need for resources