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Test Correlation does not imply causation
Agenda
QUESTION 1: What does the principle "Correlation does not imply causation" mean?
That two events always cause each other
That if two events are correlated, one must have caused the other
That correlation only means that two events tend to occur together, not that one causes the other
That there is no relationship between correlated events
QUESTION 2: What fallacy is committed when assuming causality from correlation?
An error of observation
The fallacy of causality
The fallacy of anecdotal evidence
The fallacy of authority
QUESTION 3: What example is given of a spurious correlation?
The relationship between exercise and health
The correlation between the number of ice creams sold and the number of shark attacks
The relationship between study and success
The correlation between sleep and performance
QUESTION 4: What is the relationship between the number of ice creams sold and the number of shark attacks?
A negative relationship
A positive correlation
No relationship
A direct causal relationship
QUESTION 5: What is the third variable that causes both ice cream sales and shark attacks in the example?
The amount of ice cream
The heat of summer
The number of sharks
The quality of the ice cream
QUESTION 6: What doesn't correlation alone tell us, even when there is a causal relationship?
The existence of a relationship
The direction of that causality
The strength of correlation
The relevance of data
QUESTION 7: What is required to establish causality, beyond correlation?
Observe more correlations
More rigorous research designs, such as randomized controlled experiments
Ignore the correlation
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QUESTION 8: What question should we ask ourselves as critical thinkers when faced with a claim that "A causes B"?
How can I prove this?
Who said that?
Is this always the case?
Or are they simply correlated? What else could explain this relationship?
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INCORRECT QUESTIONS
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