Freud's theory of psychosexual development

The psychosexual development theory proposed by Sigmund Freud is one of the most influential contributions in the field of child psychology. Through his focus on the fundamental stages of development, Freud outlined how childhood experiences, especially those related to sexuality, shape personality and impact adult life.

In this session, we will closely explore each of the psychosexual development stages proposed by Freud, examining their relevance, criticisms, and contemporary applications.

Introduction to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, proposed the theory of psychosexual development in the early twentieth century. His groundbreaking approach highlighted the importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality and understanding psychological disorders.

The psychosexual theory focuses on the idea that child development is organized around sexuality, but not only in a physical sense, but also psychological.

• Oral Stage (0-1 year): The first stage focuses on the oral zone, where the baby experiences the world through the mouth. Feeding and breastfeeding are fundamental. Freud suggests that experiences at this stage can influence dependency, trust, and the subsequent relationship with food and oral pleasure.

• Anal Stage (1-3 years): Attention shifts to the anal zone, where the child begins to experience sphincter control. Freud proposes that how potty training is handled can affect personality development, influencing traits such as orderliness and compulsion.

• Phallic Stage (3-6 years): This phase focuses on the genitals, and this is where Freud introduces the Oedipus and Electra complex. According to Freud, children develop incestuous desires for the parent of the opposite sex and rival the parent of the same sex. The resolution of this conflict influences gender identity and morality.

• Latency Period (6 years-puberty): Freud suggests that psychic energy is directed towards school activity, friendships, and sports activities. During this period, sexuality is suppressed, and attention focuses on developing skills and non-sexual relationships.

• Genital (puberty onwards): The final stage marks the return of sexual energy to consciousness. Freud argues that the individual seeks mature and healthy sexual relationships. Failure to reach this stage may lead to emotional and psychological problems.

Criticisms of Freud's Psychosexual Theory

Freud's theory has faced considerable criticism. The centrality of sexuality in child development and the lack of solid empirical evidence have been questioned. Moreover, the the