Persistent depression in children and adolescents

Persistent depressive disorder, formerly known as dysthymia, can also occur in early life.

Although it is a less severe form of depression than major depression, its prolonged duration makes it a condition with a high impact on the emotional, cognitive, and social development of children and adolescents.

In these cases, the distress is expressed through a low or irritable mood that persists for at least a year, accompanied by a series of symptoms that interfere with daily functioning.

How it presents in childhood and adolescence

In young people, this type of depression can manifest itself through changes in appetite (either excessive or lack of appetite), sleep disturbances (from insomnia to excessive sleepiness), persistent feelings of exhaustion, difficulty maintaining attention, feelings of worthlessness, and a negative perception of the future.

In many cases, this set of symptoms can be confused with typical adolescent behavior, such as withdrawal or rebelliousness, making early identification difficult.

Statistics indicate that between 11% and 13% of adolescents may experience a depressive episode at some point, with women being more frequently affected.

In children who have not yet reached puberty, the figures range from 2% to 10%.

In terms of its progression, some cases resolve spontaneously within a few months, but others persist for years, increasing the risk of developing more severe psychological complications.

Factors involved in its onset

There is no single cause for this disorder; rather, its onset is due to an interaction of biological, emotional, family, and social factors.

At the neurochemical level, alterations in the regulation of neurotransmitters such as serotonin have been observed to be related to the onset of depressive symptoms from an early age.

Genetic predisposition also plays an important role, especially when there is a family history of mood disorders.

From an emotional and psychological point of view, the child or adolescent's thinking style, self-esteem, and ability to cope with stress influence their vulnerability.

Experiences such as peer rejection, difficulties in adapting to school, pressure to perform, or traumatic events can act as triggers.

In addition, environments marked by instability, family violence, or emotional deprivation are a breeding ground for the development of these types of disorders.

Treatment strategies

The most recommended therapeutic approach combines psychological interventions with medication when necessary.

Cognitive behavioral therapy has proven particularly effective, as it helps children identify and modify negative thought patterns while strengthening coping skills.

In more complex cases, antidepressants may be useful, but always under specialized evaluation and monitoring.

Active family involvement and school support are essential pillars for recovery.