Risk factors in perinatal depression

Perinatal depression is a complex condition influenced by multiple risk factors that may arise before pregnancy, during pregnancy, or in the postpartum period. Recognizing these factors is essential for early detection and timely intervention.

Personal and family psychiatric history

One of the most important risk factors is a history of previous mental disorders. Women with a history of depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder have a 70% to 90% chance of relapse if they discontinue treatment during pregnancy. Similarly, those who have already had postpartum depression have a 25% to 50% risk of recurrence.

Family history also plays an important role, especially if there is a history of perinatal depression in mothers, sisters, or aunts, which could suggest a shared genetic and emotional vulnerability.

Gynecological and obstetric factors

In the obstetric field, various circumstances can increase the risk of depression. These include complications during pregnancy or childbirth, a history of miscarriages, pregnancy loss, unplanned pregnancies, or high-risk pregnancies.

The presence of medical conditions such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, or premature birth are also associated with a higher likelihood of developing depressive symptoms. Even the simple experience of undergoing fertility treatments can be emotionally demanding and predispose women to a state of vulnerability.

Psychosocial factors

Among social and emotional factors, teenage pregnancy stands out, as this stage is characterized by significant physical, psychological, and social changes. A pregnant teenager simultaneously undergoes two transformative processes—adolescence and motherhood—which, when superimposed, increase emotional pressure.

Family dysfunction, lack of support from a partner or social networks, as well as previous experiences of psychological trauma, abuse, or domestic violence, are also highly relevant factors.

Women living in poverty, with low levels of education, and in vulnerable social contexts ha