Risk factors

Perinatal depression is not an isolated or random condition. Its onset is determined by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Identifying these risk factors is essential for prevention, timely screening, and a comprehensive approach to this problem.

Grouping of factors: psychiatric, obstetric, social, and baby-related

Risk factors can be organized into four main groups. First, personal or family history of mental illness is a strong risk factor.

Women with a history of depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, or substance use (including alcohol and tobacco) are more likely to experience a depressive episode during pregnancy or postpartum.

Severe premenstrual syndrome has also been identified as an indicator of hormonal vulnerability to affective disorders. In the obstetric field, a higher risk has been observed in primiparous women with a history of infertility or pregnancy loss, as well as those who experience gynecological and obstetric complications such as preeclampsia, dystocic or premature deliveries.

In addition, lack of adequate prenatal care or information about the pregnancy process can increase stress and uncertainty during this period. On the other hand, there are factors related to the baby. Difficulties with breastfeeding—whether due to pain, low milk production, or misinformation—can lead to feelings of frustration, guilt, and failure in the mother, impacting her emotional state.

Similarly, newborns with illnesses, hospitalization in the neonatal ICU, or constant irritability are associated with a higher incidence of depression in mothers, as they increase the level of emotional and physical demands.

On a psychosocial level, marital dysfunction, isolation, a poor support network, domestic violence, and precarious socioeconomic conditions (such as unemployment or inadequate housing) are critical risk factors.

National studies confirm that the main predictors of perinatal depression in low-income settings include marital dysfunction, economic problems, and bereavement.

Importance of family and partner support

The mother's immediate environment has a significant impact on her mental health. Emotional, physical, and emotional support from a partner or close family members allows for shared responsibilities, reduces mental burden, and provides security.

Contrary to this, the absence of support leads to isolation, feelings of helplessness, and vulnerability, which can precipitate or exacerbate depression. Promoting a “tribe” or support network around the mother, especially in the postpartum period, can make a difference in the cli