Definition and diagnosis of autism

Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a developmental neurobiological disorder that affects communication, social interaction, behavior and perception of the environment in those who experience it.

Autism is a complex and highly heterogeneous disorder, meaning that it manifests differently in each individual. It is referred to as a ""spectrum"" because of this variability in its clinical presentation.

Key Features of Autism

• The Communication Difficulties: Individuals with autism may have difficulties in spoken or unspoken language development. Some may not speak at all, while others may have limited verbal language. In addition, people with autism may have difficulty understanding nonverbal language, such as gestures and facial expressions.

• Difficulties in Social Interaction: Social interaction is one of the most affected areas in autism. Individuals with autism may have difficulty establishing social relationships, interpreting social cues, and understanding social norms.

• Repetitive and Restricted Behaviors: Many individuals with autism exhibit repetitive behaviors, such as stereotyped movements or the need to follow rigid routines. They may also develop very intense and focused interests in specific areas.

• Sensory Hypersensitivity or Hyposensitivity: Individuals with autism may be hypersensitive or hyposensitive to sensory stimuli such as light, sound, touch, or smell. This can lead to atypical responses to sensory stimuli.

Diagnosis of Autism

The diagnosis of autism is a complex process that usually involves specialized health professionals, such as neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and speech and language therapists.

Diagnosis is usually made in childhood, but can also be made in adulthood if symptoms are evident. Some key aspects of the diagnostic process include:

• Clinical Evaluation: Diagnosis usually begins with a thorough clinical evaluation. Clinicians and specialists gather information about the individual's development, behavior, communication skills and social interactions.

• Developmental and Behavioral Assessment: Professionals observe the child or adult's development and assess their behavior, including social interactions and repetitive behaviors.

• Parent or Caregiver Interview: Parents or caregivers provide crucial information about the individual's behavior and development, which aids in the diagnostic process.

• Language and Communication Assessment: Speech and language therapists can assess the individual's communication skills.

• Sensory Functioning Assessment: Assessments can be conducted to understand the individual's sensory responses.

• Diagnostic Testing: In some cases, standardized tests are used to assess development and behavior.

• Diagnostic Criteria: Diagnosis is based on specific criteria, usually using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).

• Multidisciplinary Assessment: Diagnosis is usually the result of collaboration among several health professionals, ensuring a comprehensive approach.

It is important to remember that a diagnosis of autism does not define the person, but rather provides a basis for better understanding their needs and providing appropriate support. Each individual with autism is unique, and the approach to treatment and support must be tailored to their specific characteristics and needs.