Deductive vs. inductive reasoning

Two Paths to a Conclusion

In the field of logic, there are two main forms of reasoning we use to reach conclusions: deductive and inductive.

Understanding the difference between the two is critical to critical thinking.

Deductive Reasoning (From General to Specific)

Deductive reasoning starts with a general premise or conclusion that is assumed to be true and applies it to a specific case.

For example: "All dogs are mammals (general premise).

Fido is a dog (specific case). Therefore, Fido is a mammal (conclusion)."

If the premises are true, the deductive conclusion is necessarily true.

The problem with deductive reasoning in everyday life is that we often start from preconceived conclusions and then selectively search for arguments to confirm them, falling into the bias of confirmation.

Inductive Reasoning (From Specific to General)

Inductive reasoning works in the opposite direction.

It starts with specific observations and, from these, attempts to formulate a general conclusion or theory.

For example: "I saw 100 swans, and all of them were white (specific observations).

Therefore, it is likely that all swans are white (general conclusion)."

An inductive conclusion is not necessarily true, but probable.

It is the fundamental method of science: you collect data and look for a pattern to formulate a hypothesis.

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