Concept of Violence

Definitions and distinctions: Spousal vs. Gender.

Violence is fundamentally defined as the intentional use of force or power, either in fact or as a threat, that has a high probability of causing injury, death, psychological harm, or deprivation.

In the clinical context, it is crucial to differentiate between spousal violence and gender-based violence, although in practice the traumatic impact is similar.

Spousal violence refers to aggression perpetrated within the couple, regardless of the gender structure, and can even occur towards the man, although statistically less frequent.

On the other hand, gender violence is framed within a social structure of inequality where aggression is directed towards the woman because she is a woman, seeking to maintain a position of domination. For the therapist, it is vital to maintain an objective and unbiased position.

Although the majority of cases involve women as victims, men may present in consultation who suffer mistreatment.

Intervention should not dismiss these experiences based on cultural stereotypes, but rather assess the underlying power and control dynamics in each specific case.

Psychological and Verbal Violence

This typology constitutes the invisible basis of abuse. It includes any action aimed at degrading or controlling the other through fear or deva luation.

It manifests itself through insults, shouting, humiliation (both private and public) and threats.

A clinical example would be a partner who constantly ridicules the other's intelligence or appearance in front of friends, disguising it as a "joke," but with the real intention of eroding the other's self-esteem.

It also encompasses "gaslighting" or manipulation of reality, where the aggressor denies events that have occurred or distorts the victim's perception ("that never happened," "you're crazy").

Demands for rigid obedience and constant blaming ("you make me scream") are psychological tactics to override the victim's will and keep her in a state of confusion and submission.

Physical and Sexual Violence

Physical violence is the most visible and dangerous manifestation, ranging from pushing and shoving to direct blows and the use of weapons.

It often begins subtly (a strong "grab" of the arm) and escalates over time.

It is imperative to understand that physical violence rarely appears in isolation; it is usually the climax of a previous escalation of psychological tension.

Sexual violence, on the other hand, involves any forced or coerced sexual activity.

This is not limited to rape with physical force, but includes insistence on unwanted practices or emotional manipulation to obtain sex ("if you loved me, you would do it").

In man