Factors that cause malnutrition

Malnutrition is a serious health problem that affects many older people around the world. As we age, our bodies undergo changes that can influence our eating habits and nutrient absorption.

In this session, we will explore in detail the factors that can lead to malnutrition in the elderly, as well as strategies to identify, prevent and address this problem.

Physiological Changes in the Elderly

One of the key factors contributing to malnutrition in the elderly is physiological changes that affect the digestive system and nutrient absorption. These changes include:

• Decreased Gastric Function: The stomach may produce less gastric acid, making it difficult to digest certain nutrients, such as vitamin B12 and iron.

• Decreased Absorption Capacity: Absorption of nutrients, such as calcium, zinc and some vitamins, may decrease in the small intestine, affecting the availability of these nutrients to the body.

• Loss of Muscle Mass: Loss of muscle mass, known as sarcopenia, can decrease appetite and caloric intake.

• Changes in Taste and Smell: Alterations in the sense of taste and smell can affect the perception of food, leading to loss of interest in eating.

Dental Problems and Chewing

Dental problems, such as tooth loss or poor oral health, can make it difficult to chew solid foods. This can lead to a preference for soft or mashed foods, which limits the variety and quality of the diet.

Loss of Appetite and Depression

Loss of appetite is common in the elderly and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as depression, social isolation, and loneliness. These emotional problems can influence the motivation to eat and lead to insufficient nutrient intake.

Polypharmacy and Medication Side Effects

Many older people take multiple medications to treat various health conditions. Drug interactions and side effects, such as loss of appetite or digestive problems, can contribute to malnutrition.

Economic Hardship and Access to Food

Older people with limited resources may have difficulty accessing quality and varied foods. This can lead to a diet deficient in essential nutrients.

Chronic Illnesses

Chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, or kidney disease, can influence nutritional needs and the ability to absorb nutrients adequately.

Identifying and Preventing Malnutrition

Identifying and preventing malnutrition in the elderly is critical to maintaining health and wellness. Here are some key strategies:

• Nutritional Assessment: Regular nutritional assessment by a health care professional can identify signs of malnutrition or nutritional deficiencies.

• Balanced Diet: Following a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods is essential.

• Medication Monitoring: Physicians should carefully monitor polypharmacy and adjust medications when necessary to minimize side effects that affect eating.

• Dental Care: Maintaining good oral health and addressing dental problems early is important to facilitate chewing and food intake.

• Emotional Support: Identifying and addressing emotional problems such as depression or social isolation is critical to improving appetite and food intake.

• Food Access: Helping seniors with limited resources access quality food through food assistance programs or home delivery services.