16PF Questionnaire (Cattell)

Trait and Factor Theory

The 16PF, developed by Raymond Cattell, is based on trait theory, defining personality as a set of characteristics that are formed from childhood through the interaction of biopsychosocial elements.

The test evaluates 16 first-order factors that are presented in a bipolar manner (a low and a high pole), such as:

• Affectivity, Factor A: Schizothymia vs. Cyclothymia.
• Reasoning, Factor B: Low vs. high intelligence.
• Stability, Factor C: Strength of Self vs. Weakness.

In addition, it groups these traits into second-order factors or global dimensions, such as Introversion/Extraversion (QS1) and Anxiety/Tranquility (QS2), providing an in-depth profile of personal dynamics.

Administration and Protocol

This test is applicable from 16 years of age, although it is preferably recommended for those over 21 years of age, given that personality consolidates towards that age.

It consists of 187 items with three response options (A, B, C), where option B is usually neutral ("middle ground" or "undecided").

The instructions instruct the respondent to answer sincerely and quickly, avoiding option B as much as possible in order to force a definite tendency. The application time ranges between 45 and 50 minutes.

Its correction is usually automated (software or Excel), generating a graphic profile that allows visualizing the decatiles of each factor.

Summary

The 16PF is based on trait theory, defining personality through the interaction of biopsychosocial elements. It as