Nature of panic attacks: symptoms and triggers

Panic attacks are abrupt, discrete episodes of intense fear or discomfort that reach their peak within minutes.

They are characterized by a wave of physical and cognitive symptoms that can be extremely alarming to the experiencer.

Characteristic Symptoms

A panic attack is characterized by the sudden onset of at least four from a list of symptoms, including rapid or palpitations, sweating, tremors, choking or shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, nausea or abdominal discomfort, dizziness or feeling of unsteadiness, chills or hot flashes, paresthesias (tingling), derealization (a feeling of unreality) or depersonalization (feeling detached from oneself), fear of losing control or "going crazy," and fear of dying.

This constellation of symptoms is what creates the feeling of terror.

Possible Triggers (Causes)

The causes or triggers of panic attacks can be varied and often multifactorial:

• Prolonged Stress: Periods of chronic stress can sensitize the nervous system, increasing vulnerability to attacks.

• Acute Traumatic Events: A sudden and highly stressful experience can precipitate an attack.

• Intense Physical Exercise: In some susceptible people, vigorous exercise can trigger physical sensations that are misinterpreted as panic.

• Certain Medications: Some drugs may have side effects that mimic or induce panic symptoms.

• Substance Use or Withdrawal Substances: Alcohol, caffeine, stimulants, or other drugs, as