Physiological symptoms of anxiety. the bodily response

Anxiety manifests itself through a wide range of physiological symptoms that result from the activation of the autonomic nervous system, especially its sympathetic branch, as part of the body's preparation to face a perceived threat.

These bodily sensations, although often unpleasant, are a natural part of the anxiety response.

Activation of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

When danger or a threat (real or imagined) is perceived, the brain sends signals that activate the sympathetic nervous system.

This activation triggers the release of stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, which prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response.

Although this response is adaptive in situations of real danger, in anxiety disorders it can be activated excessively or in the absence of a tangible threat, generating significant physical discomfort.

Bodily Sensations Common

The physiological symptoms of anxiety can vary from person to person, but some of the most common include:

• Increased Heart Rate and Palpitations: The heart beats faster to pump more blood to the muscles.

• Rapid Breathing or Shortness of Breath: The breathing rate increases to increase oxygenation, which is sometimes felt as shortness of breath or choking.

• Muscle Tension: The muscles tense up in preparation for action, which can lead to aches, tremors, or stiffness.

• Sweating: Increased perspiration regulates body temperature in anticipation of exertion.

• Dizziness or Vertigo: Changes in blood flow and breathing can cause these sensations.

• Gastrointestinal Discomfort: Anxiety can affect the digestive system, causing nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea, or irritable bowel syndrome.

• Chest Tightness: Often related to muscle tension and rapid breathing.

• Tingling or Numbness: Especially in the extremities. Hot flashes or chills.

Interpreting Symptoms

A crucial aspect of anxiety is how these physical sensations are interpreted.

People with anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder, often interpret these normal feelings of arousal as signs of imminent danger (e.g., "I'm having a heart attack," "I'm going to go crazy," "I'm going to faint").

This catastrophic interpretation of physical symptoms intensifies anxiety, creating a vicious cycle.

Psychoeducation about the nature of these symptoms and techniques such as interoceptive exposure are essential for learning to manage them and reduce the fear associated with them.